Effect of resistance training on muscular strength and indicators of abdominal adiposity, metabolic risk, and inflammation in postmenopausal women: controlled and randomized clinical trial of efficacy of training volume.

This study evaluated the effect of resistance training (RT) volume on muscular strength and on indicators of abdominal adiposity, metabolic risk, and inflammation in post-menopausal women (PW). Thirty-two volunteers were randomly allocated into the following three groups: control (CT, no exercise, n = 11), low-volume RT (LV, three sets/exercise, n = 10), and high-volume RT (HV, six sets/exercise, n = 11). The LV and HV groups performed eight exercises at 70 % of one maximal repetition, three times a week, for 16 weeks. Muscular strength and indicators of abdominal adiposity, metabolic risk, and inflammation were measured at baseline and after 16 weeks. No differences were found in baseline measures between the groups. The PW showed excess weight and fat percentage (F%), large waist circumference (WC), high waist-hip ratio (WHR), and hypercholesterolemia and borderline values of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c%). Following the RT, a similar increase in muscle strength and reduction in F% from baseline were found in both trained groups. In HV, a decrease in total cholesterol, LDL-c, WC, and WHR was noted. Moreover, the HV showed a lower change (delta%) of interleukin-6 (IL-6) when compared to CT (HV = 11.2 %, P 25-75 = -7.6-28.4 % vs. CT = 99.55 %, P 25-75 = 18.5-377.0 %, p = 0.049). In LV, a decrease was noted for HbA1c%. There were positive correlations (delta%) between WHR and IL-6 and between IL-6 and TC. These results suggest that while a low-volume RT improves HbA1c%, F%, and muscular strength, a high-volume RT is necessary to improve indicators of abdominal adiposity and lipid metabolism and also prevent IL-6 increases in PW.

Loss of Ovarian Function Results in Increased Loss of Skeletal Muscle in Arthritic Rats.

OBJECTIVE: We studied the effects of loss of ovarian function (ovariectomy) on muscle mass of gastrocnemius and the mRNA levels of IGF-1, atrogin-1, MuRF-1, and myostatin in an experimental model of rheumatoid arthritis in rats. METHODS: We randomly allocated 24 female Wistar rats (9 weeks, 195.3 ± 17.4 grams) into four groups: control (CT-Sham; n = 6); rheumatoid arthritis (RA; n = 6); ovariectomy without rheumatoid arthritis (OV; n = 6); ovariectomy with rheumatoid arthritis (RAOV; n = 6). We performed the ovariectomy (OV and RAOV) or Sham (CT-Sham or RA) procedures at the same time, fifteen days before the rheumatoid arthritis induction. The RA and RAOV groups were immunized and then were injected with Met-BSA in the tibiotarsal joint. After 15 days of intra-articular injections the animals were euthanized. We evaluated the external manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis (perimeter joint) as well as animal weight, and food intake throughout the study. We also analyzed the cross-sectional areas (CSA) of gastrocnemius muscle fibers in 200 fibers (H&E method). In the gastrocnemius muscle, we analyzed mRNA expression by quantitative real time PCR followed by the Livak method (ΔΔCT). RESULTS: The rheumatoid arthritis induced reduction in CSA of gastrocnemius muscle fibers. The RAOV group showed a lower CSA of gastrocnemius muscle fibers compared to RA and CT-Sham groups. Skeletal muscle IGF-1 mRNA increased in arthritics and ovariectomized rats. The increased IGF-1 mRNA was higher in OV groups than in the RA and RAOV groups. Antrogin-1 mRNA also increased in the gastrocnemius muscle of arthritic and ovariectomized rats. However, the increased atrogin-1 mRNA was higher in RAOV groups than in the RA and OV groups. Gastrocnemius muscle MuRF-1 mRNA increased in the OV and RAOV groups, but not in the RA and Sham groups. However, the RAOV group showed higher MuRF-1 mRNA than the OV group. The myostatin gene expression was similar in all groups. CONCLUSION: Loss of ovarian function results in increased loss of skeletal muscle-related ubiquitin ligases atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 in arthritic rats.

Loss of Ovarian Function Results in Increased Loss of Skeletal Muscle in Arthritic Rats / Perda da função ovariana resulta em perda de músculo esquelético aumentada em ratos artríticos

Objective We studied the effects of loss of ovarian function (ovariectomy) onmuscle mass of gastrocnemius and themRNA levels of IGF-1, atrogin-1, MuRF-1, andmyostatin in an experimental model of rheumatoid arthritis in rats. Methods We randomly allocated 24 female Wistar rats (9 weeks, 195.3±17.4 grams) into four groups: control (CT-Sham; n = 6); rheumatoid arthritis (RA; n = 6); ovariectomy without rheumatoid arthritis (OV; n = 6); ovariectomy with rheumatoid arthritis (RAOV; n = 6). We performed the ovariectomy (OV and RAOV) or Sham (CTSham or RA) procedures at the same time, fifteen days before the rheumatoid arthritis induction. The RA and RAOV groups were immunized and then were injected with Met- BSA in the tibiotarsal joint. After 15 days of intra-articular injections the animals were euthanized. We evaluated the external manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis (perimeter joint) as well as animal weight, and food intake throughout the study. We also analyzed the cross-sectional areas (CSA) of gastrocnemius muscle fibers in 200 fibers (H&E method). In the gastrocnemius muscle, we analyzed mRNA expression by quantitative real time PCR followed by the Livak method (ΔΔCT). Results The rheumatoid arthritis induced reduction in CSA of gastrocnemius muscle fibers. The RAOV group showed a lower CSA of gastrocnemius muscle fibers compared to RA and CT-Sham groups. Skeletal muscle IGF-1 mRNA increased in arthritics and ovariectomized rats. The increased IGF-1 mRNA was higher in OV groups than in the RA and RAOV groups. Antrogin-1 mRNA also increased in the gastrocnemius muscle of arthritic and ovariectomized rats. However, the increased atrogin-1 mRNA was higher in RAOV groups than in the RA and OV groups. Gastrocnemius muscle MuRF-1 mRNA increased in the OVand RAOVgroups, but not in the RA and Shamgroups. However, the RAOV group showed higher MuRF-1 mRNA than the OV group. The myostatin gene expression was similar in all groups. Conclusion Loss of ovarian function results in increased loss of skeletal musclerelated ubiquitin ligases atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 in arthritic rats.

Objetivo Foram estudados os efeitos da perda da função ovariana (ovariectomia) sobre músculo esquelético e os níveis de RNAm de IGF-1, atrogina-1, MuRF-1, e de miostatina em modelo experimental de artrite reumatóide em ratos. Métodos 24 ratos Wistar (9 semanas, 195,3±17,4 gramas) foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos: controle (CT-Sham, n = 6); artrite reumatóide (RA, n = 6); ovariectomia sem artrite reumatóide (OV; n = 6); ovariectomia com artrite reumatóide (RAOV; n = 6). Os procedimentos da ovariectomia (OV e RAOV) ou simulação da ovariectomia (CT-Shamou RA) foramrealizados aomesmo tempo, quinze dias antes da indução da artrite reumatóide. Os grupos RA e RAOV foramimunizados e, em seguida, foram injetados com Met-BSA na articulação tibiotársica. Após 15 dias das injeções intra-articulares, os animais foram eutanasiados. Foram avaliadas as manifestações externas da artrite reumatóide (perimetria articular), bem como o peso dos animais e a ingestão de alimentos ao longo do estudo. Além disso, as áreas de secção transversa (CSA) do músculo gastrocnêmio foram analisadas em 200 fibras (método H & E). No músculo gastrocnêmio, a expressão de RNAm foi analisada por PCR quantitativo em tempo real, seguido pelo método Livak (ΔΔCT). Resultados A artrite reumatoide reduziu a CSA das fibras do músculo gastrocnêmio. O grupo RAOV mostrou uma CSA menor nas fibras do músculo gastrocnêmio em comparação com os grupos RA e CT-Sham. O RNAm do IGF-1 do músculo esquelético aumentou nos ratos artríticos e ovariectomizados. O RNAm do IGF-1 foi maior nos grupos OV do que nos grupos RA e RAOV. A expressão de antrogina-1 também aumentou no músculo gastrocnêmio dos ratos artríticos e ovariectomizados. No entanto, o aumento do RNAm da atrogina-1 foi maior no grupo RAOV do que nos grupos RA e OV. O RNAm da MuRF-1 aumentou nos grupos OV e RAOV, mas não nos grupos RA e CT-Sham. Porém, o grupo RAOV apresentou maior expressão gênica de MuRF-1 do que o grupo OV. A expressão do gene da miostatina foi semelhante em todos os grupos. Conclusão A perda de função ovariana resulta em perda de músculo esquelético associado às ubiquitina-ligases atrogina-1 e MuRF-1 em ratos artríticos.

Fatores de risco cardiovasculares em pacientes com fibromialgia / Cardiovascular risk factors in patients with fibromyalgia

Objetivo: Verificar os fatores de risco cardiovasculares em pacientes com fibromialgia (FM). Métodos: O estudo foi composto por 40 mulheres diagnosticadas com FM e encaminhadas para o setor de Reabilitação Física do Hospital de Clínicas de Uberlândia. Foi aplicado um questionário do American College of Sports Medicine contendo perguntas sobre histórico familiar; tabagismo; hipertensão; dislipidemia; glicose de jejum alterada; obesidade; sedentarismo e etilismo. Resultados: O sedentarismo teve prevalência de 92,5%, hereditariedade 52,5%, obesidade 50%, hipertensão arterial 45%, dislipidemia 37,5%, tabagismo 25%, etilismo 8% e diabetes 7,5%. Além disso, 60% da amostra apresentou três ou mais fatores de risco, 30% apresentou 2 fatores e 10% apresentou apenas um fator de risco. Conclusão: Pacientes com FM apresentam vários fatores de risco cardiovasculares, desse modo, deve-se orientar tais pacientes à mudança do estilo de vida, a fim de reduzir tais fatores e consequentemente eventos cardíacos futuros, e proporciona melhora do quadro de dor

Objective: To assess the cardiovascular risk factors in patients with fibromyalgia. Methods: The study consisted of 40 women diagnosed with FM and forwarded to the Physical Rehabilitation department at the Hospital of Uberlândia. A survey was applied from the American College of Sports Medicine containing questions about family history, smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, impaired fasting glucose, obesity, physical inactivity, and alcohol consumption. Results: The prevalence of physical inactivity was 92.5%, heredity 52.5%, obesity 50%, hypertension 45%, dyslipidemia 37.5%, smoking 25%, alcohol consumption 8%, and diabetes 7.5%. Furthermore, 60% of the sample had three or more risk factors, 30% had 2 factors and 10% had only one risk factor. Conclusion: Patients with FM have multiple cardiovascular risk factors, thus, such patients should be advised to change lifestyle in order to reduce such factors and consequent future cardiac events, and provide improvement of the pain.

The thyroid hormone receptor ß-selective agonist GC-1 does not affect tolerance to exercise in hypothyroid rats.

OBJECTIVE: Investigate the effect of GC-1 on tolerance to exercise in rats with experimental hypothyroidism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hypothyroidism was induced with methimazole sodium and perchlorate treatment. Six groups with eight animals were studied: control group (C), hypothyroid group without treatment (HYPO); hypothyroidism treated with physiological doses of tetraiodothyronine (T4) or 10 times higher (10×T4); hypothyroidism treated with equal molar doses of GC-1 (GC-1) or 10 times higher (10×GC-1). After eight weeks, each animal underwent an exercise tolerance test by measuring the time (seconds), in which the rats were swimming with a load attached to their tails without being submerging for more than 10 sec. After the test, the animals were killed, and blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis, and the heart and soleus muscle were removed for weighing and morphometric analysis of the cardiomyocyte. RESULTS: Hypothyroidism significantly reduced tolerance to exercise and, treatment with GC-1 1× or T4 in physiological doses recover tolerance test to normal parameters. However, high doses of T4 also decreased tolerance to physical exercise. Conversely, ten times higher doses of GC-1 did not impair tolerance to exercise. Interestingly, hypothyroidism, treated or not with T4 in a physiological range, GC-1 or even high doses of GC-1 (10X) did not change cardiomyocyte diameters and relative weight of the soleus muscle. In contrast, higher doses of T4 significantly increased cardiomyocyte diameter and induced atrophy of the soleus muscle. CONCLUSION: Unlike T4, GC-1 in high doses did not modify tolerance to physical exercise in the rats with hypothyroidism.

The thyroid hormone receptor β-selective agonist GC-1 does not affect tolerance to exercise in hypothyroid rats

Objective Investigate the effect of GC-1 on tolerance to exercise in rats with experimental hypothyroidism. Materials and methods Hypothyroidism was induced with methimazole sodium and perchlorate treatment. Six groups with eight animals were studied: control group (C), hypothyroid group without treatment (HYPO); hypothyroidism treated with physiological doses of tetraiodothyronine (T4) or 10 times higher (10×T4); hypothyroidism treated with equal molar doses of GC-1 (GC-1) or 10 times higher (10×GC-1). After eight weeks, each animal underwent an exercise tolerance test by measuring the time (seconds), in which the rats were swimming with a load attached to their tails without being submerging for more than 10 sec. After the test, the animals were killed, and blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis, and the heart and soleus muscle were removed for weighing and morphometric analysis of the cardiomyocyte. Results Hypothyroidism significantly reduced tolerance to exercise and, treatment with GC-1 1× or T4 in physiological doses recover tolerance test to normal parameters. However, high doses of T4 also decreased tolerance to physical exercise. Conversely, ten times higher doses of GC-1 did not impair tolerance to exercise. Interestingly, hypothyroidism, treated or not with T4 in a physiological range, GC-1 or even high doses of GC-1 (10X) did not change cardiomyocyte diameters and relative weight of the soleus muscle. In contrast, higher doses of T4 significantly increased cardiomyocyte diameter and induced atrophy of the soleus muscle. Conclusion Unlike T4, GC-1 in high doses did not modify tolerance to physical exercise in the rats with hypothyroidism. .

Hipotensão pós-exercício: considerações sobre intensidade, duração e método do exercício aeróbico / Hypotension after exercising: considerations on intensity, duration and type of aerobic exercise

Introdução. A ocorrência da redução da pressão arterial no período de recuperação após o exercício dinâmico está bem demonstrada, embora ocorram algumas divergências quanto a sua magnitude e duração. Algumas variáveis estão relacionadas à modulação do efeito hipotensor, como a intensidade, a duração da sessão e o tipo do exercício. Objetivo. Analisar a resposta aguda da pressão arterial pós-exercício aeróbico, o que ajuda a definir qual tipo de atividade poderia estar associado a maior magnitude e duração do efeito hipotensivo sem maiores riscos de ocorrência cardíaca. Resultados. Os dados, embora contraditórios, em relação a intensidade e duração, indicaram que os exercícios de intensidade moderada e com duração de quinze a sessenta minutos podem acarretar maior hipotensão pós-exercício. Estudos mostraram que os exercícios realizados de forma intermitente e que utilizaram maior massa muscular provocaram maior hipotensão pós-exercício que aqueles executados de forma contínua. Além disso, a hipotensão pós-exercício mostrou-se maior em hipertensos quando comparados a normotensos. Conclusão. Embora a eficácia do exercício físico aeróbico como anti-hipertensivo esteja se tornando mais clara, devem ser realizados estudos com uso de diferentes variações de intensidades estudadas a fim de analisar e comparar seus efeitos hipotensores e suas aplicações clínicas na prevenção e no tratamento não medicamentoso da hipertensão arterial.

Introduction. Blood pressure drop in the recovery period after dynamic exercising is well demonstrated, but there is some disagreement about its intensity and duration. Some variables are related to the modulation of the hypotensive effect, such as intensity, session duration and type of exercise. Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute response of blood pressure after aerobic exercising. This helps to define which type of activity could be associated with greater intensity and duration of the hypotensive effect without cardiovascular risks. Results. The data, though contradictory regarding intensity and duration, indicated that moderate exercise intensity lasting from fifteen to sixty minutes may lead to higher post-exercise hypotension. Studies have shown that exercises done intermittently and requiring greater muscle mass lead to higher post-exercise hypotension than those done continuously. Furthermore, post-exercise hypotension was greater in hypertensive individuals as compared to normotensive ones. Conclusion. Although the efficacy of aerobic exercises to fight hypertension is becoming clearer, further studies should be conducted investigating different variations of exercise intensity to analyze and compare their hypotensive effects and their clinical applications in the prevention and non-pharmacological treatment of hypertension.